NF-κB is a vital transcription factor that responds to diverse stimuli like cytokines, infections, and stress. It forms different dimers, binds to specific DNA sequences, and regulates gene expression. It operates through two pathways: canonical (for inflammation and immunity) and non-canonical (for specific processes). These pathways tightly control activity of NF-κB and impacting gene expression. Aberrant NF-κB activation is linked to cancer and other diseases, making it a potential therapeutic target. This review explores the role of NF-κB in disease and its therapeutic potential in various conditions. Intricate signal transduction processes lead to NF-κB activation by phosphorylating IκB proteins, allowing NF-κB dimers to enter the nucleus and influence gene expression. This dynamic regulation involves co-activators and interactions with other transcription factors, shaping complex gene expression programs.

Understanding the multifaceted functions off NF-κB is crucial as its deregulation is associated with a range of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Exploring recent studies offers insights into potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating NF-κB activity to restore health and combat various pathological conditions. This Comprehensive review is based on the role of NF-κB in disease pathogenesis and therapeutic implications.