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Effect of precursors on the properties of one-part alkali-activated composites

By: Contributor(s): Publication details: Thane ACC LTD 2025Edition: Vol.99(5), MayDescription: 29-39pSubject(s): Online resources: In: Indian Concrete Journal - ICJSummary: Portland cement has been the most reliable cementitious binder for over 200 years but is responsible for more than 7 % of global greenhouse gas emissions. The alkali-activated binder (AAB) has been developed to reduce carbon emissions significantly. The application of conventional (two-part) alkali-activated binders is primarily limited to small-scale projects owing to several challenges, including transportation, mixing with liquid alkali solutions and placing. Therefore, this study explores an alternative approach to developing binary and ternary binders of one-part AABs. The precursors fly ash (FA) and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) binary binder utilise a solid activator (sodium metasilicate pentahydrate) and agroindustrial waste materials. In contrast, rice husk ash (RHA) was added as a precursor for the ternary binder. Various mixtures were fabricated with different proportions of source materials (FA, GGBFS, and RHA) and curing temperatures (ambient and at 80° C for 3 hours). Based on the optimum strength of binary pastes, alkali-activated concrete (AAC) was developed. The AAC was then employed for different mechanical (split tensile and compressive strength) and durability tests (resistance to sulphate attack and water absorption) to assess its properties. Experimental studies revealed that an AAB composed of a 30:70 weight ratio of FA to GGBFS and a 12 % solid alkali activator achieved a maximum compressive strength of 25.32 MPa under ambient curing conditions. In addition, the results of the ternary paste indicate that up to 10 % of the addition of RHA into the mix resulted in improved compressive strength. SEM analysis also demonstrated the formation of a denser micro-structure under heat curing and at 10 % RHA-based ternary mix. Further, adding basalt fibres (0.5 % volume fraction of concrete) does not significantly impact the mechanical and durability properties. These findings suggest that alternative sustainable binders effectively utilise industrial waste and could reduce the carbon footprint significantly.
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Portland cement has been the most reliable cementitious binder for over 200 years but is responsible for more than 7 % of global greenhouse gas emissions. The alkali-activated binder (AAB) has been developed to reduce carbon emissions significantly. The application of conventional (two-part) alkali-activated binders is primarily limited to small-scale projects owing to several challenges, including transportation, mixing with liquid alkali solutions and placing. Therefore, this study explores an alternative approach to developing binary and ternary binders of one-part AABs. The precursors fly ash (FA) and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) binary binder utilise a solid activator (sodium metasilicate pentahydrate) and agroindustrial waste materials. In contrast, rice husk ash (RHA) was added as a precursor for the ternary binder. Various mixtures were fabricated with different proportions of source materials (FA, GGBFS, and RHA) and curing temperatures (ambient and at 80° C for 3 hours). Based on the optimum strength of binary pastes, alkali-activated concrete (AAC) was developed. The AAC was then employed for different mechanical (split tensile and compressive strength) and durability tests (resistance to sulphate attack and water absorption) to assess its properties. Experimental studies revealed that an AAB composed of a 30:70 weight ratio of FA to GGBFS and a 12 % solid alkali activator achieved a maximum compressive strength of 25.32 MPa under ambient curing conditions. In addition, the results of the ternary paste indicate that up to 10 % of the addition of RHA into the mix resulted in improved compressive strength. SEM analysis also demonstrated the formation of a denser micro-structure under heat curing and at 10 % RHA-based ternary mix. Further, adding basalt fibres (0.5 % volume fraction of concrete) does not significantly impact the mechanical and durability properties. These findings suggest that alternative sustainable binders effectively utilise industrial waste and could reduce the carbon footprint significantly.

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