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040			_aAIKTC-KRRC _cAIKTC-KRRC
100			_aSingh, Paramdeep _927752
245			_aModulation of muscarinic system with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant attenuates depression in mice
250			_aVol.47(4), Jul-Aug
260			_aMumbai _bWolter Kluwer _c2015
300			_a388-393p.
520			_aSeveral studies suggest that muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine is a rapidly acting antidepressant for the treatment-resistant depression. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the possibility of synergistic potential of scopolamine with antidepressants for the treatment of depression without memory impairment in mice. Materials and Methods: Antidepressants such as citalopram, duloxetine, fluvoxamine, and venlafaxine at their median effective dose that is 12.5, 42.8, 17.5, 15.7 mg/kg p.o., respectively, were evaluated in combination with scopolamine 0.2 mg/kg intraperitoneally for the synergistic potential for ameliorating depression in Swiss albino mice. A battery of tests including forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed in all the groups comprising vehicle control, scopolamine, antidepressants per se, and the combinations of antidepressants with scopolamine. This was followed by the locomotor activity and memory tests. Results: Behavioral studies indicated that only antidepressant venlafaxine with scopolamine resulted in 95.5% and 93.6% reduction in immobility time compared to the vehicle control in FST and TST, respectively. This is significant (P < 0.0001) synergistic hyper-additive antidepressive-like effect compared to scopolamine per se and venlafaxine per se treatment effects in antidepressant paradigms. All the data were evaluated using the one-way analysis of variance followed by individual comparisons using Tukey's post-hoc test. Control open field studies demonstrated no significant increase in general locomotion after co-administration of the compounds. Step down avoidance paradigm confirmed that scopolamine at the selected dose has no cognition deficit in any mice.
650		0	_aPHARMACOLOGY _94774
700			_aSingh, Thakur Gurjeet _924956
773	0		_x0253-7613 _tIndian Journal of Pharmacology _dAndheri - Mumbai Wolters Kluwer India Private Limited
856			_uhttps://journals.lww.com/iphr/fulltext/2015/47040/modulation_of_muscarinic_system_with.9.aspx _yClick here
942			_2ddc _cAR
999			_c23781 _d23781